{"id":248,"date":"2016-03-05T13:46:17","date_gmt":"2016-03-05T06:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/?p=248"},"modified":"2026-05-14T00:30:12","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T17:30:12","slug":"steel-plates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/?p=248","title":{"rendered":"Steel Plates"},"content":{"rendered":"

Description \/Shipment \/ Storage<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/p>\n

Metal is metal by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are constructed with sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly, extremely thin thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 inch) are considered plate.<\/p>\n

Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed
\nby running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.<\/p>\n

The thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear
\nmeasure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal.
\nCommonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 8 gauge. Gauge
\ndiffers between ferrous (iron based) metals and nonferrous metals such as
\naluminium or copper; copper thickness, for example is measured in ounces (and
\nrepresents the thickness of 1 ounce of copper rolled out to an area of 1 square
\nfoot).<\/p>\n

There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as
\naluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses,
\nimportant sheet metals include silver, gold and platinum (platinum sheet metal
\nis also utilized as a catalyst).<\/p>\n

Sheet metal is used for car bodies, airplane wings, medical tables, roofs for
\nbuildings (architecture) and many other applications. Sheet metal of iron and
\nother materials with high magnetic permeability, also know as laminated steel
\ncores, has applications in transformers and electric machines. Historically, an
\nimportant use of sheet metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry, and sheet
\nmetal continues to have many decorative uses, including in horse tack.<\/p>\n

Steel sheets are flat products with a rectangular cross-section, the width of
\nwhich is much larger than the tickness. A distinction is drawn between hot- and
\ncold-rolled sheet.<\/p>\n

Hot-rolled sheet<\/b>\u00a0in sheets is produced from semifinished products
\n(slabs or billets), which are reduced to certain thicknesses by rolling and
\nannealling and cut mechanically or by burning into rectangular or also other
\nshaped sheets.<\/p>\n

Cold-rolled sheet<\/b>\u00a0in sheets is produced by removing rust from
\nhot-rolled sheet by “pickling” it in a weak acid solution, then
\nwashing, brushing, drying, oiling and unrolling the sheet and finally
\nperforming cold-rolling by passing the sheet through a reducing mill and
\ncutting into rectangular or also other shaped sheets. Cold-rolled steel is a
\nmore highly finished product and has a smoother surface, greater dimensional
\n(thickness, width, length) and greater strength.<\/p>\n

Mild hot rolled steel plates of various sizes are used extensively in tank
\nconstruction, ship building and in the fabrication industry. The larges sizes
\nare shipped in single pieces and in most instances stored outside, unprotected
\nagainst the elements, prior to shipment. Therefore, they are generally loaded
\nin a rusty condition. Stacks of these plates when viewed from the side often
\nlook wavy owing to wrong placing of dunnage. Prior to shipment the stacks are
\nnot under pressure, as they might be in the hold of a ship, so that the
\napparent deformations will probably only be temporary. Sometimes in handling, a
\nplate will develop a transverse kink which must be considered as damage as the
\ndefect is permanent and will required a re-rolling operation to re-flatten it.
\nIn handling large plates special gear is required in the form of hooks coupled
\nto chains.<\/p>\n

Long plates are usually stowed athwartships in the hold of the ship, but care
\nmust be taken to use plenty of suitable dunnage placed in line through the
\nstow; this being particularly required when other cargo is to be loaded on top.
\nOne incident involved a coil stowage on top of plates, which is not to be
\nrecommended – through lack of and improper placing of dunnage, the entire
\nshipment of plates was deformed to a serious extent.<\/p>\n

Small dimensional hot rolled steel plates are shipped in unprotected bundles
\nwhich are secured with metal strapping bands. The sizes of these bundles vary,
\nbut dimensions of plates around 1 to 2 m. are not uncommon. Such goods usually
\nappear to be in a rusty (i.e. rust stained) condition when shipped.<\/p>\n

Hot-rolled sheets are held together in packages with steel strapping. In order
\nto prevent movement of the sheets in transit and during storage, at least two
\nsteel straps are used in both the transverse and longitudinal direction. An
\noxidation layer (scale), which provides limited corrosion protection, is formed
\non the surface of steel during hot-rolling or annealing. This layer is,
\nhowever, highly sensitive and may easily flake off.<\/p>\n

Pickled and oiled hot-rolled sheet and cold-rolled sheet, together with hot-dip
\ngalvanized fine sheet (i.e. electrolytically) coated sheet, for example plated
\nwith zinc etc.) electric steel sheet and tinplate are provided with multilayer
\npackaging in accordance with their quality, the route and duration of transport
\nand frequency of handling.<\/p>\n

In the case of hot-rolled steel, it is usual to store it in the open and to
\ntransport it without protection, such that no protection is provided against
\nrain etc. Such sheet therefore generally exhibits a layer of surface rust (rust
\nfilm). Since the rust is removed from the steel (by pickling) prior to further
\nprocessing, the quality of the steel is not impaired. Hot-rolled sheets must
\nalso be protected from chloride solutions (e.g. seawater or fertilizer), since
\npickling cannot remove uneven local corrosion or pitting corrosion. Especially
\nin the case of damage by salt water, the sheets should be rinsed off with fresh
\nwater as soon as possible after arrival with the receiver and then pickled
\nbecause significant delay prior to pickling may have the above-stated
\nconsequences. For reasons of quality maintenance, the aim should always be to
\nstore, handle and transport the sheets in the dry.<\/p>\n

Cold-rolled sheets are more sensitive to corrosion than hot-rolled sheets, such
\nthat not only cold-rolled steel, but also surface-treated hot-rolled steel is
\nadditionally packed, for example, in fiber-reinforced packing or plastic-coated
\nkraft paper and plastic films. It is therefore important to keep moisture away
\nat all times; unprotected storage in the open or unprotected cargo handling in
\nwet weather should be avoided.<\/p>\n

Galvanized or tinned sheet and electric steel sheet should be treated similarly
\nto cold-rolled sheet, but no corrosion protection agents, such as VCl paper,
\nshould be used for galvanized and tinned sheet as such agents may react with
\nthe surface coatings. Moisture may, for example, give rise to a white bloom on
\nthe zinc coating. If rain or condensation water penetrates between the closely
\nsheets of metal, the thin, protective zinc oxide layer does not form, but
\nrather a thicker layer of pure zinc oxide. At the contact points between the
\nsheets, this layer has the appearance of scurf.<\/p>\n

Application\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hot-rolled steel is used e.g. for the manufacture of pipes, steel doors and tanks or is further processed into cold-rolled steel.<\/p>\n

Much cold-rolled steel is processed in the automotive industry, but some is
\nalso used in the manufacture of household goods (e.g. fridges).<\/p>\n

Galvanized sheet is used, e.g. in the automative industry or in the production
\nof roofing materials (e.g. flashing, guttering).\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tin plate is used in the packaging industry for the production of cans, for
\nhousehold goods and toys and for similar products.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Electric steel sheet is used, for example, in transformers, electrical
\nmachinery and equipment.<\/p>\n

Stainless steel sheet is used, for example, in the manufacture of machinery,
\ntools and containers.<\/p>\n

\n


\n<\/o:p>Risk Factors<\/span><\/p>\n

Wet damage (corrosion) <\/p>\n

Contamination\/defilement\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mechanical influence<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Source :\u00a0<\/span><\/o:p><\/p>\n

\u00a0Http:\/\/www.cargohandbook.com\/index.php\/Steel_plates<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Description \/Shipment \/ Storage \u00a0 Metal is metal by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are constructed with sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly, extremely thin thicknesses are considered […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=248"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":515,"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248\/revisions\/515"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/abadikaryamulia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}